Louisiana Brain Injury Lawyers

A Louisiana brain-injury claim is a two-year filing under La. C.C. art. 3493.1, and for injuries on or after January 1, 2026 a 51% fault finding under art. 2323 ends recovery. Trey Morris Injury Lawyers proves the TBI from GCS scores, treating records, and causation evidence before a defense expert treats a normal CT as no injury.

TBI Classification and the Glasgow Coma Scale

GCS

Glasgow Coma Scale. A 15-point neurological assessment measuring eye opening (1-4 points), verbal response (1-5 points), and motor response (1-6 points). Scores of 13-15 indicate mild TBI, 9-12 moderate, and 3-8 severe.

Louisiana courts, insurers, and medical experts classify traumatic brain injury as mild, moderate, or severe using the GCS. The score recorded by EMS at the scene and by the emergency department on admission is primary causation evidence in your case.

Mild TBI, commonly called concussion, often produces no visible abnormality on a standard CT scan. That does not mean the injury is insignificant. Symptoms including headache, cognitive fog, memory gaps, and irritability are real, documented, and compensable.

DAI

Diffuse Axonal Injury. Widespread tearing of the brain’s white matter axons caused by rotational forces. It is the mechanism behind many cases of severe disability after TBI. Standard CT scans often miss DAI entirely.

Moderate TBI involves loss of consciousness from 30 minutes to 24 hours. CT or MRI findings are more likely at this severity level. The risk of post-traumatic epilepsy rises substantially. Severe TBI, defined by a GCS score of 3-8, typically involves DAI, extended unconsciousness, and permanent cognitive or physical impairment.

Two additional injury categories are worth understanding. Penetrating TBI, or open-head injury, occurs when an object enters the skull and brain tissue. This can result from high-speed collisions where vehicle components intrude into the passenger compartment, gunshots, or industrial projectiles. Non-traumatic acquired brain injury results from internal causes such as stroke, oxygen deprivation (anoxia), or infection. When a non-traumatic brain injury results from a medical provider’s failure to act, a medical malpractice framework applies.

Trey Morris Injury Lawyers handles the full range of Louisiana catastrophic injury cases, including all TBI severity levels.

Does a Normal CT Scan Rule Out a Brain Injury?

No. CT scans are fast and available at every Level I and Level II trauma center in Louisiana. They reliably detect acute bleeds, skull fractures, and large contusions. They do not detect axonal damage, which is the mechanism behind many of the most debilitating TBI symptoms.

Standard MRI improves on CT for soft tissue resolution. But even a conventional MRI misses diffuse axonal injury in many mild-to-moderate cases. The structures being damaged are the white matter tracts, which require specialized protocols to visualize.

DTI

Diffusion Tensor Imaging. An advanced MRI protocol that maps the movement of water molecules along white matter tracts. It can detect axonal shearing and tract disruption that standard MRI cannot see. DTI is increasingly accepted in federal and state courts as evidence of TBI.

SWI

Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging. An advanced MRI protocol that detects tiny deposits of hemosiderin from microhemorrhages caused by axonal tearing. High specificity for diffuse axonal injury.

Insurance companies will cite the absence of findings on a standard CT as grounds to deny or minimize a TBI claim. This is a predictable tactic. DTI and SWI findings provide specific, documentable evidence that defeats it.

Why TBI Symptoms Are Often Delayed

TBI symptoms do not always appear at the moment of impact. Brain inflammation, neurochemical disruption, and white matter tract injury produce symptoms that develop over hours, days, and sometimes weeks after the accident. This is documented in medical literature. It is not unusual. But it creates a predictable litigation problem.

Post-Concussion Syndrome

A condition in which mild TBI symptoms persist beyond four weeks. Symptoms include headache, cognitive fog, sleep disruption, emotional instability, and sensitivity to light or sound. It affects 15-30% of concussion patients.

The absence of immediate emergency room findings does not rule it out.

Insurance companies and defense attorneys treat the gap between the accident and symptom onset as an opportunity. The argument is that symptoms appearing days or weeks later must be pre-existing or caused by something else. This argument has no medical basis. It is a litigation tactic, not a clinical conclusion.

The counter is documentation. Every symptom must be reported to a treating physician as it appears, and the physician’s notes must connect the symptoms to the injury mechanism. Gaps in medical treatment are gaps in your case.

Cognitive Deficits and Behavioral Changes After TBI

Traumatic brain injury produces cognitive and behavioral consequences that are often more disruptive to daily life than the physical injuries and harder to document without specialized testing.

Post-TBI cognitive deficits include memory impairment, slowed processing speed, and executive function loss covering planning, sequencing, and impulse control. These affect job performance, relationships, and the ability to manage daily tasks. Personality changes, including impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, depression, and aggression, are direct neurological consequences of brain injury. They are not character flaws. They are documented sequelae with established neurological mechanisms.

Post-Traumatic Epilepsy

A seizure disorder that develops after traumatic brain injury. It occurs in 5-20% of moderate-to-severe TBI patients. Onset may be delayed by weeks or months after the initial injury. It requires long-term anticonvulsant medication management and has direct implications for driving, employment, and independent living.

Post-Traumatic Epilepsy represents a separate long-term consequence that adds ongoing medical costs and functional limitations to the damages calculation.

IME

Independent Medical Examination. A medical evaluation requested by the opposing party or insurer, usually by a doctor they propose. IME doctors typically perform a single examination lasting 30-60 minutes. Their opinions frequently minimize injury severity and are used to contest claims.

These injuries are called “invisible” because they do not appear on imaging that non-specialist reviewers consider routine. Defense IME doctors routinely dismiss cognitive and behavioral TBI sequelae as exaggerated or unrelated. Neuropsychological testing is the primary documentary counter to this tactic.

Neuropsychological Testing as Evidence

A neuropsychologist is not a psychiatrist. A neuropsychologist is a licensed psychologist with specialized doctoral-level training in brain-behavior relationships. They do not prescribe medications. They administer and interpret standardized test batteries that quantify how brain function has changed.

The standard test batteries used in TBI litigation include the WAIS-IV (intellectual function and processing speed), WMS-IV (memory across multiple modalities), Trail Making Test A and B (processing speed and cognitive flexibility), and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (planning, sequencing, inhibition, and problem solving). Each test has population norms and statistical thresholds. The results are not subjective. They are numbers.

The neuropsychologist compares your test results against population norms and against your estimated pre-injury intellectual functioning. The deficit documented is specific, quantified, and tied to a particular cognitive domain. The report states whether those deficits are consistent with the known injury mechanism. This is the document that turns “she seems fine” into a measurable, compensable impairment.

PVTs

Performance Validity Tests. Embedded or standalone tests within neuropsychological test batteries that detect whether a test-taker is putting forth genuine effort. High failure rates on PVTs are used to argue that cognitive deficits are exaggerated.

Defense neuropsychologists challenge test validity using PVTs. An experienced plaintiff’s neuropsychologist addresses this directly in their report by documenting consistency indicators across the entire battery.

Expert qualifications matter, and the defense will challenge them.

Long-Term Care Needs and Life Care Planning

The full economic cost of a severe TBI case is not known at the time of the accident. It is not known at the time of the initial settlement offer. It becomes known through a structured process of medical evaluation, vocational analysis, and financial projection.

Severe TBI survivors typically require a coordinated team of providers over their lifetime: neuropsychology follow-up, occupational therapy to rebuild daily living skills, speech-language pathology for cognitive-communication deficits, and physical therapy for motor impairment. Home modifications, assistive technology, and personal care attendants add to the long-term picture.

A certified life care planner (CLCP) builds the formal documentation of future medical needs. The life care plan is a line-item document specifying each type of care, frequency, cost, and duration over the survivor’s projected lifetime. It is prepared by a credentialed specialist, not estimated by the attorney. This document is required to support a full future damages claim.

Lost earning capacity is calculated separately. A vocational rehabilitation expert assesses the difference between pre-injury work capacity and post-injury work capacity. An economist converts that difference to present value using actuarial methods. Together, these form the economic damages foundation of a severe TBI case.

Louisiana’s Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Trust Fund Program, managed through the Louisiana Department of Health, provides ongoing services to qualifying Louisiana TBI survivors. This program is a resource for long-term care coordination independent of litigation outcomes.

Insurance companies make early settlement offers before life care planning is complete. Accepting an early offer on your injury claim ends that claim against the people you settle with, for everything the settlement covers (La. C.C. art. 3080). Once you settle, you cannot return for additional compensation if the true extent of long-term care needs becomes clear later.

How Insurance Companies Minimize TBI Claims

TBI cases produce predictable defense tactics. Understanding them in advance reduces their effectiveness.

Early recorded statements are the most damaging. An insurance adjuster contacts the injured person within days of the accident and asks open-ended questions about symptoms. TBI symptoms often have not fully manifested yet. The injured person says they feel “okay” or “not that bad.” That statement is recorded. It is later used to contradict claims of ongoing cognitive impairment. The standard practice at Trey Morris Injury Lawyers is to require all communications to go through counsel once we are retained. We do not allow adjusters direct access to our clients on catastrophic cases.

IME reports frequently conclude TBI symptoms are exaggerated, pre-existing, or unrelated to the accident. They are contestable through the treating physician’s longitudinal records, neuropsychological testing, and advanced imaging.

Timeline attacks argue that symptoms appearing weeks or months after the accident are not related to it. Thorough treating physician records that document the progression of symptoms from injury date forward defeat this argument.

Louisiana Law and TBI Claims: What Changed From 2024 Through 2026

Louisiana’s personal injury law changed substantially from 2024 through 2026, and the changes do not all apply to every claim.

The 2025 tort reform package eliminated the Housley v. Cerise presumption. Under the old rule, a plaintiff who was healthy before an accident and developed symptoms after it benefited from a presumption that the accident caused the symptoms. The defense had to overcome that presumption. Under La. Code Evid. art. 306.1 (effective May 28, 2025), that presumption is gone for causes of action arising on or after that date. You must prove causation affirmatively. This shifts the burden and makes thorough medical documentation and expert testimony more important, not less.

In lawsuits filed on or after January 1, 2026, past medical bills paid by health insurance or Medicare are limited to what was actually paid, plus your deductibles and co-pays, not the billed amount (La. R.S. 9:2800.27). TBI medical bills are often substantial. This change requires careful analysis of what was billed versus what was paid when calculating economic damages.

Comparative Fault

La. C.C. Art. 2323. Louisiana’s rule that reduces recovery proportionally to the plaintiff’s percentage of fault.

Comparative Fault under La. C.C. Art. 2323 applies the 51% bar to causes of action arising on or after January 1, 2026. Insurance defense strategies routinely include efforts to push fault attribution to or past 51%. In TBI cases where the accident mechanism is disputed, comparative fault analysis requires accident reconstruction evidence.

Prescriptive Period

Louisiana’s term for the statute of limitations. The legal deadline to file a lawsuit. Missing the deadline permanently bars the claim.

The Prescriptive Period for personal injury in Louisiana is two years from the date of injury under La. C.C. Art. 3493.1 . A later TBI diagnosis delays the start only in narrow circumstances, so count from the date of the accident.

The Evidence Timeline: What Must Be Preserved

Evidence in a TBI case has a natural decay rate. Some of it can be gone within days of the accident. Building a complete evidence record is time-sensitive.

First responder and EMS records document the GCS score at the scene, the initial neurological assessment, and transport decisions. These are often among the most important documents in the case because they establish baseline neurological status at the moment closest to the injury. Emergency department records, CT and MRI imaging, and radiology reports document the initial clinical picture.

Surveillance footage from traffic cameras, commercial properties, and dashcams is often recorded over on a short cycle. Employment records establish pre-injury work capacity and salary history. These form the baseline for the earning capacity calculation.

Preservation Letter

A formal legal demand requiring the at-fault party and their insurer to retain all evidence related to the incident. It puts the recipient on notice that litigation is anticipated and creates potential spoliation liability if evidence is destroyed after receipt.

Once the facts give an honest basis for one, a Preservation Letter tells the at-fault party and its insurer to keep the vehicle data, surveillance footage, and communications records.

Accident reconstruction reports become important in cases where the crash mechanics are disputed. The forces involved in the collision directly relate to the biomechanical plausibility of the claimed injury. This is especially relevant in mild TBI cases where the defense argues the collision was too minor to cause brain injury.

Neuropsychological evaluations completed after sufficient time post-injury, typically at three to six months, document the stabilized cognitive picture. Employment and academic records from before the injury establish the pre-injury baseline for comparison.

The practical implication is that the attorney needs to be involved early. The window for preserving time-sensitive evidence closes quickly.

The Trey Morris Injury Lawyers TBI Practice in Louisiana

Trey Morris Injury Lawyers has handled catastrophic injury cases across Louisiana for over 20 years. Our attorneys hold AV Preeminent ratings from Martindale-Hubbell and have been recognized by Super Lawyers. We work with board-certified neuropsychologists, neuroradiologists who read advanced imaging studies, and life care planners with Louisiana-specific cost data. We have taken cases to verdict.

Trey Morris Injury Lawyers operates on a contingency fee basis. You pay no attorney fees unless there is a recovery.